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• 1 media/Election_Day_1815_by_John_Lewis_Krimmel (detail) .jpg 2016-06-29T07:08:28+00:00 Work and Freedom 42 image_header 2024-08-26T11:49:35+00:00

  This week's big question

  Our big question this week is how did the new freedoms of the liberalizing world change the 19th-century Atlantic world? 

  Video introduction
  
  
  
  Learning outcomes

  At the end of this week you should:
  • know something of the varied political and economic landscape of industrializing America;
  • understand the tensions between free and unfree labour in 19th-century society;
  • understand something of the response of British colonial officials to the end of slavery;
  • be able to compare the place of free and unfree labour in the liberalizing Atlantic World.

  Questions to consider, and learning activity

  Read ONE of the essays below.
  • What were the economic forces that were changing American society?
  • What were the political forces that were changing American society?
  • Does slavery appear to have been sustainable in America at this time?
  • How did British colonial planners imagine the future of post-emancipation Trinidad?
  • In the British planners' vision of the future of Trinidad, would freedom prevail?

  Background

  Rule Britannia!
  Britannia rule the waves.
  Britons never, never, never shall be slaves.

  The history of “Rule Britannia” – which remains Britain’s most popular patriotic song – dates from the 1740s. It was a time when many still recalled the creation of the Bill of Rights in 1689 [resisting internal tyrants], the wars with France, Holland and Germany [resisting external foes], and when Britons were enslaved, captured and often ransomed by the famed Barbary pirates of North Africa [resisting actual enslavement, if not in numbers anywhere close to those that the British took from Africa].  It’s ironic of course because at that time Britain was the largest and wealthiest slave-trading nation in the world. The power of the Royal Navy was in large part supported by seamen who learned their craft plying the coasts of Africa, carried on ships financed by slave capital, and on revenues earned in Caribbean plantations. Britons would “never, never, never be slaves”, but their power and ultimately their freedom would be built on slavery. 100 years later that would be over. In 1833 Britain made slavery illegal. In short, this is a remarkable tale of political and economic transformation.
  
  There are three readings on the list of secondary sources this week, but we’re only asking you to read one for now. Each essay looks at the period around 1840 as a moment of transition and adaptation.  Each essay looks at a changing economy during the industrial revolution, and examines how people thought about wealth, power, liberty, and politics in this moment when democracy was expanding, and slavery was just beginning to end. Slavery, of course, would not die in the United States until the Civil War in (1861-65).  But in the British Empire slavery was banned after 1833, and the electoral franchise had been extended to far more people with the Great Reform Act of 1832.
  
  Thus, this was a time of change. Yet, these changes were no less contentious, and many people worried about what these changes would mean. Last week, in reading about abolitionism, we saw that one of the anti-abolitionists' arguments was that social chaos would result from abolition: in other words, that the labour market would be flooded with poor black workers, that whites and blacks would mix inappropriately, and that social order would decline.  Our essays this week examine some of these moments of change.
  
  The first essay examines the schemes British colonial planners had for Trinidad after emancipation. Trinidad was a major slave colony, producing sugar for the global-western market.  How, these planners asked, could that continue, in the era of free market labour?  The second essay is about America. It is a chapter from John Larsen’s book The Market Revolution. Larsen’s book takes readers through the many “marvelous improvements” of early 19th-century America, the financial panic of 1837, and its social and economic fall-out over the next twenty years.  In our chapter, we read of the different impacts the economic and political changes had for farmers, workers, women, and slaves.
  
  In all these cases, we see the impact of economic and political change on the lives of ordinary people, and in the imaginations of those who would govern them.

  Primary sources

  There are no primary sources for this week.

  Secondary sources

  Mark Harvey,"Slavery, coerced labour, and the development of industrial capitalism" in Britain History Workshop blog, October 2019.
  
  AND
  
  Choose either
  • John L. Larson, "Heartless Markets, Heartless Men," ch. 3 from The Market Revolution: Liberty, Ambition, and the Eclipse of the Common Good (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010), selections.
  or
  • Sutherland, D. A. (1996). Race Relations in Halifax, Nova Scotia, During the Mid-Victorian Quest for Reform. Journal of the Canadian Historical Association / Revue de la Société historique du Canada, 7(1), 35–54.

  Please, note that these are selections so there are gaps in some of the sources. These gaps are deliberate. Read the sections provided.

  
  Supplementary Materials

  For a look at the wider British Atlantic World, consider:
   
  • James Epstein, “Freedom Rules/Colonial Fractures: Bringing ‘Free’ Labor to Trinidad in the Age of Revolution”, in Simon Gunn and James Vernon, eds., The Peculiarities of Liberal Modernity in Imperial Britain (Berkley: University of California Press, 2011), 39-53.